pros and cons of tyranny in ancient greece

Peisistratus (Pisistratus) was one of the most famous of the Athenian tyrants. State of the art architecture. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. Agriculture allowed greater concentrations of people which lead to more conflict. [13] Those who list or rank tyrants can provide definitions and criteria for comparison or acknowledge subjectivity. Such Sicilian tyrants as Gelo, Hiero I, Hiero II, Dionysius the Elder, Dionysius the Younger, and Agathocles of Syracuse maintained lavish courts and became patrons of culture. The term is usually applied to vicious autocrats who rule their subjects by brutal methods. This attitude, according to Plutarch, earned him a great deal of scorn. They just may not have agreed that this was a bad thing. Historically speaking, when one refers to a tyrant in world history, they are considered a cruel and malicious ruler who wields absolute authority. This type of government is called a monarchy. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. 768 Words4 Pages. cinch advert cast 2021; calandra's pizza bread; lakeside construction seattle; simon city royals rank structure; space nk careers; christopher plummer funeral; conan exiles bronze bar; tim gillean texas billionaire; iguana hunting florida; Alcamenes, 6th/5th century BC. Aristocrats who seized control with wealthy non-aristocrats who had been excluded from power. https://www.thoughtco.com/tyrant-in-ancient-greece-118544 (accessed March 4, 2023). [34] Early texts called only the entrepreneurs tyrants, distinguishing them from bad kings. Slavery No pay labor 6%of the population had a right in democratic matters. Ruled by a king: Monarchy. 21, H. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1972), pp. We don't know the details of how Pheidon took power, but he did oversee land reform that weakened and angered the old aristocracy. While previous tyrants in Athens may have been viewed as enlightened, the Thirty Tyrants of Sparta were known for their oppressive and bloody rule. He helped unify Athens through religion. Tyrants often introduced measures to improve the economic and social status of the poor; it was the aristocracy (who wrote the histories) who tended to oppose tyranny, because, in bypassing the constitution, tyranny threatened their traditional privileges. When choosing to live in Greece, be prepared for the differences you will encounter abroad. They even had some measure of popular support, according to Aristotle. Clan members were killed, executed, driven out or exiled in 657 BC. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Tyrants used their armies to maintain tight control of their subjects. + PRO: Greece is generally affordable Although costs do vary throughout the country, with the mainland being typically cheaper than the islands, Greece has a relatively low cost of living. Tyrants could wield power in different ways, and Greek cities had many different experiences with tyranny. His grandson was Cleisthenes of Athens, considered one of the founders of Athenian democracy. [11] These are, in general, force and fraud. The Thirty Tyrants ( ) is a term first used Corinth was a Greek, Hellenistic and Roman city located on the Hornblower, Simon & Spawforth, Antony & Eidinow, Esther. However, the term had a different connotation in ancient Greece. They then founded miniature empires, expanding power beyond the traditional boundaries of the city-states. Bd., H. 2 (1998), pp. Polycrates of Samos was a sixth-century tyrant who seized control with his brothers, but then had them exiled or killed and became the city's sole ruler. They were monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. That definition allows even a representative government to be labeled a tyranny. Supported by the prosperity of the peasantry and landowning interests of the plain, which was prospering from the rise of olive oil exports, as well as his clients from Marathon, he managed to achieve authoritarian power. Students should be encouraged to recognise the key differences between contemporary and ancient understandings of the terms 'tyranny' and 'tyrant'. government by a tyrant or tyrants; despotism. History is full of tyrants. One such type of governing body was the city-state or polis. Sometimes he calls leaders of republics princes. When Peisistratus died in 527 BCE, his two sons, Hipparchus and Hippias ruled Athens together. It was thought best by the ruling Bacchiads that the young infant should be put to death; unfortunately for Corinth but fortunately for Cypselus, his mother saved him by hiding him in a chest. One of the government models embraced by the politically inventive Greek city-states was the tyranny. amzn_assoc_ad_type = "smart"; Oppression, injustice and cruelty do not have standardized measurements or thresholds. Popular coups generally installed tyrants, who often became or remained popular rulers, at least in the early part of their reigns. An error occurred trying to load this video. So were they were evil? A tyrantalso known as a basileus or kingin ancient Greece meant something different from our modern concept of atyrant as simply a cruel and oppressive despot. Agrigentum (Acragas) [ edit] Phalaris, 570-554 BC (overthrown and roasted) Telemachus, after 554 BC. Ciceros head and hands [were] cut off and nailed to the rostrum of the Senate to remind everyone of the perils of speaking out against tyranny.[29] There has since been a tendency to discuss tyranny in the abstract while limiting examples of tyrants to ancient Greek rulers. The Athenian Solon (c. 640 to c. 560 BCE) was considered both a politician and poet, even refusing to accept absolute power. In fact, a large number of tyrannies led directly to democracies. Tyrants could not claim that they have the right to rule. Afterward, Corinth was ruled by a lackluster oligarchy, and was eventually eclipsed by the rising fortunes of Athens and Sparta. Democracies held elections to decide their rulers, and monarchies typically passed down the authority to rule through. The Athenian Cleisthenes and Corinthian Cypselus are two examples who achieved power through a coup. It is particularly important to make them aware that an ancient Greek 'tyrant' was simply someone who had gained power unconstitutionally. N.S. Pros and cons Greek governments Pros In the democracy the people have a say Usually split up the power in the assembly anyone could propose an idea The leaders were voted on in some forms of governments anyone that people liked could be the ruler Cons some leaders came into power that were unkind Herodotus wrote that the adult Cypselus banished many Corinthians, "deprived many others of their possessions, but the greatest number by far were deprived of their lives" (408). Balance is still provided in the government. 95: Tyranny. amzn_assoc_linkid = "77bd5f5e2bc2380aabaa452bd1542bee"; Copyright 2021 Some Rights Reserved (See Terms of Service), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), The Internet Classics Archive | Politics by Aristotle, Ending Impunity: How International Criminal Law Can Put Tyrants on Trial, Justice for Tyrants: International Criminal Court Warrants for Gaddafi Regime Crimes, Welcome Ex-Dictators, Torturers and Tyrants: Comparative Approaches to Handling Ex-Dictators and Past Human Rights Abuses, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, A Supervisors Advice to a Young Scribe in Ancient Sumer, Numbers of Registered and Actual Young Voters Continue to Rise, Forever Young: The Strange Youth of Ancient Macedonian Kings, Gen Z Voters Have Proven to Be a Force for Progressive Politics, Just Between You and Me:A History of Childrens Letters to Presidents. Thank you! In the 5th and 6th centuries BCE, Greek military leaders used the power of their armies to form mini empires and expand their control through conquest. Brewminate uses Infolinks and is an Amazon Associate with links to items available there. Without a powerful, centralized state, smaller governing bodies created political order. Peisistratus ruled by threat of military force. He also identified some later tyrants. The Age of Tyrants: The History of the Early Tyrants in Ancient Greece. There are many pros and cons to living in Greece vs the USA. Peisistratus sons Hippias and Hipparchus, on the other hand, were not such able rulers, and when the disaffected aristocrats Harmodios and Aristogeiton slew Hipparchus, Hippias rule quickly became oppressive, resulting in the expulsion of the Peisistratids in 510 BC, who resided henceforth in Persepolis as clients of the Persian Shahanshah (King of kings). [7] In the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, one who had the support of the military, arose specifically in Sicily. A tyrant could also be a leader who ruled without having inherited the throne; thus, Oedipus marries Jocasta to become tyrant of Thebes, but in reality, he is the legitimate heir to the throne: the king (basileus). He was viewed by the rich as acceptable because of his own wealth and by the poor for his integrity. Periander was succeeded by his nephew Psammetichus, the last of the Cypselid tyrants. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The best known Sicilian tyrants appeared long after the Archaic period. What is Considered a "Tyrant" in History? In antiquity the word tyrant was not necessarily pejorative and signified the holder of absolute political power. He established one of the greatest and long-lasting tyrannies in Greece. Some of the advantages of absolutism include: Efficient decision-making: Absolutism allows for quick and efficient decision-making, as the ruler does not have to consult with a parliament or other governing body before making decisions. In 46 bce Caesar also took an army into Italy and was made dictatorfirst for 10 years and then, in 44, for life. Over sixty years ago, it was written of early Greek tyranny that it 'had arisen only in towns where an industrial and commercial regime tended to prevail over rural economy, but where an iron hand was needed to mobilize the masses and to launch them in assault on the privileged classes. Democracies held elections to decide their rulers, and monarchies typically passed down the authority to rule through hereditary succession. A tyrantalso known as a basileus or kingin ancient Greece meant something different from our modern concept of a tyrant as simply a cruel and oppressive despot. Cite This Work Clear limits were set to the amount of power any one individual could command. The city prospered under his rule until being overrun by the Spartans, forcing Hippias into exile in Persia. Gill, N.S. In Ancient Greece, it originally meant " an authoritarian sovereign without reference to character" ("Tyranny", n.d.). During this time, revolts overthrew many governments[21] in the Aegean world. Great economy. In ancient Greece, tyrants were influential opportunists who came to power by securing the support of different factions of a deme. Democracy in its extreme form is mob rule. Most historians date the Great Age of Greek Tyranny from 750 to 500 BCE, ending with the ousting of Hippias; however, some authors extend the period into the 4th century BCE, embracing the despotic rule of Cassander in Macedonia as well as the tyrannies of Dionysius I and II in Syracuse. First, the army of Sparta was the strongest fighting force in Greece. In ancient Greece, a tyrant was simply a person who ruled a city-state by themselves, but who lacked the traditional or constitutional authority of a king or elected leader. pros Many Tyrants ruled well and helped poor families by cancelling the debts of poor farmers. [5][6] The Encyclopdie defined the term as a usurper of sovereign power who makes his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws. It tends to inhibit growth, however, when observed on a long-term basis. They that are discontented under monarchy, call it tyranny; and they that are displeased with aristocracy, call it oligarchy: so also, they which find themselves grieved under a democracy, call it anarchy (in Leviathan). Thomas Jefferson referred to the tyranny of King George III of Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence. All right, let's take a moment or two to review. The last model was what we call the eastern tyranny, popular in Asia Minor from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE. Impoverishment and an increase in foreign interference meant that constitutions tended to become unstable, and hence many of those classical tyrants came to power on a platform of economic reform to benefit the lower classes, offering the cancellation of debts and redistribution of land. He chose to lay down the role and returned to private life, but his example was noted by Julius Caesar. : Ancient Greek Democracy and the Struggle against Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Plot Summary of the Episodes and Stasima of "Oedipus Tyrannos," by Sophocles. | 22 Aristocrats and wealthy citizens joined forces to overthrow the existing government. The first Greek tyrants, while coming from the elite class, came to power because of a desire to avoid the domination of oligarchies. Accusations of tyranny came to refer to the quality of rule rather than its legitimacy: an emperor who abused his power or used it for personal ends was seen as despotic, although it took a brave man to say so in public. The dictatorship existed as an emergency measure whereby one man could be appointed to overall power in the state, but it could be held for six months at most. The negativity came when the son of Peisistratus was murdered. When he then bequeathed his position to his son, Periander, the tyranny proved less secure, and Periander required a retinue of mercenary soldiers personally loyal to him. Statue Group of Harmodius & AristogeitonMiguel Hermoso Cuesta (CC BY-SA) Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to oppressive means. I feel like its a lifeline. amzn_assoc_asins = "0465093817,074254401X,0292722311,1540702375"; Originally published by Wikipedia, 03.19.2003, under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license. World History Encyclopedia. Transport, fuel and basic goods are all reasonably priced. Draco enacted a series of callous laws where even minor offenses such as stealing fruit and vegetables carried severe penalties. Tyranny was associated with imperial rule and those rulers who usurped too much authority from the Roman Senate. Theyre proud of the nation he created, but he was a maniacal tyrant. Gene Luen Yang. By 133 bce the growth of the empire had changed Rome from a small city-state to a global power, and the conquest of Italy and the Mediterranean had created the conditions for individual generals to gain both enormous wealth through conquest and a huge following among their soldiers, paving the way for them to seek personal power through military force. What are the pros and cons of democracy in ancient Greece? Pros And Cons Of Julius Caesar 1255 Words | 6 Pages. The Pros And Cons Of Tyranny. Thrasydaeus, 472 BC (expelled and executed) Phintias, c. 288-279 BC. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Unlike his son and regardless of his cruelty, he did not see the need for a bodyguard. Peisistratus also supported the arts and under his tyranny, sculptures, art, and literature flourished. are at least 20% cheaper than in the U.S., and costs to rent an apartment can be as much as 70% less. Historians have identified four main types of tyrannies (and tyrants) in Greek history. However, he also not only preserved but also improved upon the constitutional government. Pros And Cons of Ancient Athenian Democracy and Pros and Cons of American Democracy. One of the most-successful tyrant dynasties ruled in Sicily between 406 and 367, that of Dionysius the Elder and his sons, and tyrants reappeared in numbers in the 4th century bce. An oligarchy can help to spur high levels of economic growth. People in civil society might be legally and morally equal to one another, but . 1. Tyranny is considered an important subject, one of the Great Ideas of Western thought. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Tyrants are a type of monarch, with . "Before Turannoi Were Tyrants: Rethinking a Chapter of Early Greek History," by Greg Anderson, suggests that because of this confusion with modern tyranny, the perfectly good Greek word should be removed from scholarship on early Greece. Prices for daily essentials (food, transport, etc.) The Persians would appoint an intermediary to rule the city with absolute authority in their name. Los Angeles, CA San Francisco, CA New York, NY Miami, FL Houston, TX Savannah, GA. Toll Free 800-599-0190; USA 562-408-6677; Explore how these types of government worked and a few examples of each in ancient Greece. Tyranny in Ancient Greece was merely a different form of government. Biblical quotations do not use the word tyrant, but express opinions very similar to those of the Greek philosophers, citing the wickedness, cruelty and injustice of rulers. All leaders were once tyrants in their own ways. The end of the dynasty was predicted by a Delphi Oracle given to Periander's father: "He [Cypselus] and his sons will prosper, but the son of his sons, no longer." Shakespeare portrays the struggle of one such anti-tyrannical Roman, Marcus Junius Brutus, in his play Julius Caesar. The Tyrants fled and were hunted down over the next few years. By the end of the 4th century, Philip of Macedon had conquered the Greek states and put an end to their political freedom, and under Alexander the Great a huge Macedonian empire was created. similarly oppressive and unjust government by more than one person. Wasson, Donald L.. "Tyrants of Greece." Economic growth tends to slow over time. However, tyrants seldom succeeded in establishing an untroubled line of succession. Battle of Chaeronea | History, Impact & Significance. any harsh discipline or oppression the tyranny of the clock. Therefore, he is considered to be a "tyrant," though this does not necessarily have the negative connotations that is attached to this title today. It was different from a monarchy. / pros and cons of tyranny in ancient greece / why did mikey palmice gets whacked? The government they ran was called a tyranny. He united seven separate kingdoms into a single nation. In fact he was such a good ruler, that Aristotle, writing a couple of centuries later, had to devise a special category for him, and Aristotle's accounts tyranny is bad, but for Pisistratus as I say, he had to make an exception because Pisistratus was acknowledged as having been such a ruler . David has taught multiple grades and subjects in his twenty-five year career. Over the centuries, many different Greek tyrants wielded power. In a power struggle, Cleisthenes (570 to c. 508 BCE), who had served as archon under Hippias, assumed power in Athens and put into place a platform of reforms. At several points under the early emperors, conspiracies were formed to remove the ruler and restore the republic on the grounds that the imperial power was unconstitutional and therefore illegal, but they failed owing to lack of support by the people (who strongly favoured monarchic rule) and the individual ambitions of the conspirators. He also does not share in the traditional view of tyranny, and in his Discourses he sometimes explicitly acts as an advisor to tyrants.[30][31]. Corinth prospered economically under his rule, and Cypselus managed to rule without a bodyguard. To mock tyranny, Thales wrote that the strangest thing to see is an aged tyrant meaning that tyrants do not have the public support to survive for long. Tyranny (advantage) Citizens from multiple social classes were involved in government. Both make lawlessness either a violation of existing laws or government by personal fiat without settled laws a mark of tyranny.[11]. In the Greek world, a tyrant wasn't a malicious or evil person. ; Our knowledge of the political systems in the ancient Greek world comes from a wide range of . And they did all these things, in many cases, while preserving the forms of popular government, so that even under despotism the people learned the ways of liberty. When we think of tyrants in the modern era, we focus on cruel and oppressive despots. It wasn't something evil or bad, it was just a different way of running the government. Pros: Many Tyrants ruled well and helped poor families by cancelling the debts of poor farmers. In fact there were hundreds of forms over the many Greek states during Ancient Greek. In the Republic, Plato stated: The people have always some champion whom they set over them and nurse into greatness. Pros. The outcome of the Greco-Persian Wars was interpreted as the success of the free and democratic Greeks against the autocratic and tyrannical Persian king; consequently, in Athenian writing after 480 bce tyranny became the hated opposite of democracy. a political unit ruled by a tyrant. However, Cypselus almost never lived to become a tyrant. The most-significant change in the conception of tyranny from the ancient world to the modern lies in the role of the people under a tyrant. The word "tyranny", then carried no ethical censure and merely referred to anyone, good or bad, who obtained executive power in a polis by unconventional means. Democracy Pros: Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2117/tyrants-of-greece/. [18] Eventually alternative forms and methods of government arose which allowed belated definitions and criticism. Political and military leaders arose to manage conflicts. Pros. Ancient Greece Government & Politics | Ancient Greece Political Structure, Monarchy Lesson for Kids: Definition & Facts. by san antonio spurs official website. They were merely another form of government. From 251 BC under the leadership of Aratus of Sicyon, the Achaeans liberated many cities, in several cases by convincing the tyrants to step down, and when Aratus died in 213 BC, Hellas had been free of tyrants for more than 15 years. Greek Dark Ages Facts & Culture | When was the Greek Dark Age? amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "brewminate-20"; The word derives from Latin tyrannus, meaning illegitimate ruler, and this in turn from the Greek tyrannos monarch, ruler of a polis; tyrannos in its turn has a Pre-Greek origin, perhaps from Lydian. Plutarch quoted him as saying, "While tyranny may be a delightful spot, there is no way back from it" (58). [23] He retained his position. The 7th and 6th centuries BCE witnessed a number of tyrants in both Corinth and Athens. (Herodotus, 408). Slavery in Ancient Greece: History & Facts | Who Were Slaves in Athens? The Periclean Building Program was introduced by Pericles in hopes of beautifying Athens, building temples, and providing . We care about our planet! He never uses the word in The Prince. In the early stages of the Greek polis (city-state), the hereditary aristocracy held all political power and ruled as a group, with the mass of citizens excluded from political life. The path of a tyrant can appear easy and pleasant (for all but the aristocracy). Thus, the tyrants of the Archaic age of ancient Greece (c. 900500 bce)Cypselus, Cleisthenes, Peisistratus, and Polycrateswere popular, presiding as they did over an era of prosperity and expansion. Pros : a good demonstration Cons : The information is poor. (Herodotus, 409) He even murdered his own wife. Cleisthenes is remembered for reorganizing the tribal divisions within the city and reforming the organization of the state. However, throughout its history, you can find four distinct types of government used throughout the city-states. The idea that tyranny vanished in 510 bce, however, is a false one. Representative democracy Thriving economy. The oppressive government of a tyrant could bring benefits to his people, even promoting social stability. One view sees rivalry between aristocratic families who vied to take all power into their own hands; the other suggests that tyrants were representative of a newly politically conscious dmos (people) who supported their rise in the hope of improving their position within the state. Rate: 2 (11802 reviews) [8][9] The final -t arises in Old French by association with the present participles in -ant.[10]. Examples were Cleon of Sicyon, Aristodemus of Megalopolis, Aristomachus I of Argos, Abantidas of Sicyon, Aristippus of Argos, Lydiadas of Megalopolis, Aristomachus II of Argos, and Xenon of Hermione. World History Encyclopedia. Hippias (Peisistratus other son) offered to rule the Greeks on behalf of the Persians and provided military advice to the Persians against the Greeks.[25]. Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas, Curated/Reviewed by Matthew A. McIntoshPublic HistorianBrewminate. Tyranny has been an enemy of many countries throughout the years. Food in ancient Greece was good to, they would usually it fruit, bread and cheese. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. He was surrounded by an armed bodyguard at all times, and he held family members of rivals as hostages. These included Alexander the Great and Attila the Hun who shared the region with highway robbers. In the 4th and 5th centuries BCE, this model of military conquest evolved into the creation of military states. Since they weren't elected (as democratic rulers were) and didn't fall within traditions of hereditary succession (as monarchical rulers did), tyrants often had to find creative ways to justify their power. Cypselus' son, Periander (the second tyrant of Corinth), is labeled as one of the Seven Sages of Greece, considered the wisest rulers of Greek history. Peisistratus was a ruler of Athens during the 6 th century BC. [17] [T]he very essence of politics in [agrarian civilizations] was, by our contemporary democratic standards, tyrannical. 173-222. The modern monarchy is typically a figurehead in the government instead of being the all-ruling overseer of everything. 1. That in turn spawned new tyrannies and monarchies. There were several forms of tyrannies in Ancient Greece. to government by one individual (in an autocracy), to government by a minority (in an oligarchy, tyranny of the minority), to government by a majority (in a democracy, tyranny of the majority), Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over a poor people. Tyranny (advantage) Decisions were made by debate and vote, and council members chosen by lottery. The assassins of Caesar presented themselves as overthrowing a tyranny, but the removal of one man could not prevent the drift to monarchic power in Rome, and Caesars heir Augustus took control as the first emperor. To many, the Greeks' world was a progressive, democratic, and peaceful world, populated by philosopher-kings, teachers, athletes, artists, and priests. He established his son Lycophron as a tyrant at Corcyra, founded Potidaea as a colony in the Aegean Sea, and displayed his warlike reputation by attacking the small polis of Epidaurus and capturing the tyrant Procles, his father-in-law. Both Plato and Aristotle speak of the king as a good monarch and the tyrant as a bad one. [22] In Corinth, growing wealth from colonial enterprises, and the wider horizons brought about by the export of wine and oil, together with the new experiences of the Eastern Mediterranean brought back by returning mercenary hoplites employed overseas created a new environment. The biggest difference between Athenian democracy and almost all other democracies is that the Athenians had a direct democracy rather than being representative. Nevertheless, under Cypselus and Periander, Corinth extended and tightened her control over her colonial enterprises, and exports of Corinthian pottery flourished. It is a center for economic, political, financial and culture life in Greece. Forced to depend upon popularity instead of hereditary power, the dictatorships for the most part kept out of war, supported religion, maintained order, promoted morality, favored the higher status of women, encouraged the arts, and lavished revenues upon the beautification of their cities. Cleisthenes of Sicyon was a tyrant of the sixth century BCE, who seems to have come into power by leading his city in a war against Argos. 129-14. These tyrants overturned established aristocracies or oligarchies and established new ones. The Thirty Tyrants whom the Spartans imposed on a defeated Attica in 404 BC would not be classified as tyrants in the usual sense and were in effect an oligarchy. Among his initial reforms was to reorganize the Athenians into four distinct classes: These classes were the basis for all political rights. Robert B. Strassler & Herodotus & Robert B. Strassler & Andrea L. Purvis & Rosalind Thomas. For instance, the popular imagination remembered Peisistratus for an episode related by (pseudonymous) Aristotle, but possibly fictional in which he exempted a farmer from taxation because of the particular barrenness of his plot. Many people were disenfranchised. Succeeding his father in 627 BCE, Periander was viewed by many as a typical oppressive tyrant. Chris has a master's degree in history and teaches at the University of Northern Colorado.

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