jack owens husband of valerie biden

By caring for his sons, Owens allowed Biden to begin his Senate career. From Biden's relationship with Kamala Harris to his tragic life story, his happy marriage, and beyond, no stone has been left unturned when it comes to the father of four. "This is disinformation being spread on social media.". What's more, while working for media consulting firm Joe Slade White & Co., the company was paid "about $1.6 million" by the 2008 Biden campaign (although Owens made it clear that she "took a leave" from the company at that time). There is no familial relationshipwithStephen Owens, the co-founder of aprivate equity firm that acquired Dominion Voting Systems in 2018. The Choice 2020: Valerie Biden Owens (interview) | FRONTLINE, Valerie Biden Owens Is the New "First Sister", A Look at Joe and Jill Bidens Beautiful Romance, See Joe Biden's Grandkids Celebration Photo, Shop Amazon's Gardening Sale Before Spring, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, President-elect Joe Biden's younger sister, Valerie Biden Owens, has managed his seven senatorial campaigns, as well as two of his previous presidential campaigns, per. In 1975, she said "I do" to the businessman and lawyer, took his last name, and hadhim move into Joe Biden's home. Joe Biden has one sister, Valerie Biden Owens. Valerie Biden Owens (November 5, 1945) is an American political strategist, campaign manager and former educator.She is the younger sister of Joe Biden, the 46th and current President of the United States.In 2016, president Barack Obama nominated her Alternate Representative of the United States to the 71st Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. And while it's unclear how much Joe Biden has paid his sister over the years, a 2008 report published by Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ranked Biden as the fourth senator "paying the most money in salaries or fees to family members," noting how he paid a combined $54,904.78 to Owens and her daughter, Catherine. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. Sheis married to Jack Owens. O'Toole King, 37, who previously used the last name King Edmonds, starred on the Bravo reality show from 2015 to 2017 and appeared as a guest . One Facebook post even showed a photo of Joe Biden with L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti and said the latter was actually "his brother-in-law Stephen D Owens owner of Dominion voting system!" She was hired following Biden's 1996 U.S. Senate run and stayed with the company until its dissolution in 2016. [8]Harvard University honored her with their 'Women Inspiring Change" award in 2015. The pair divorced and Owens soon found love again with Biden's best friend from law school: John T. Owens. You cansubscribeto our print edition, ad-free app or electronic newspaper replica here. after that marriage fell apart - Valerie's second husband, Jack Owens, did the same. The post shows a photograph of Biden with Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, who is not his brother-in-law. His sister repays his devotion in her book, telling a story of doubt and . Story tips can be sent to Cameron.Cawthorne@Fox.com and on Twitter: @cam_cawthorne. Valerie Biden Owens is one of the first women in the United States to have managed a modern U.S. Senatorial campaign, as well as a Presidential campaign. Asked to define "the Biden way," she also shared how her parents put great emphasis on respect, saying, "Mom and Dad told us that the most important thing in life was family and that it was our job to take care of each other." As he wrote in his 2007 memoir, Promises to Keep, Valerie Biden Owens is his "best friend" and the feeling is mutual. Initially married to Bruce Saunders (who, according to The New York Times, "handled the budget" for Joe Biden's 1972 US Senate run), Owens and her first husband moved in with Biden and put on a brave face but, as The Washington Post notes, their "marriage was fraying." The car was struck by a truck. Biden has one sister,Valerie Biden Owens. Valerie sits on the . And she never saw raising her nephews as a sacrifice. ", It is unclear whether Hunters business partners were able to successfully secure a business license for Owens or whether one of the business partners "WOFE" sufficed for Chinas laws. ", From Biden's 1970 run for New Castle County Council to his '88 presidential bid, Owens has been by her brother's side for over 50 years, and it hasn't been easy. Get the latest updates from the 2024 campaign trail, exclusive interviews and more Fox News politics content. "Is this our Eric?" Meanwhile, King was previously married to former MLB player Jim Edmonds, with whom she shares three kids. I was building the campaign for Joe," Owens recalled of the campaign. Based on our research, claims thatJoe Biden's brother-in-law owns Dominion Voting Systems are FALSE. She appears quite tall in her photos. She has led every campaign in her brother . Space-X continues to reach for the stars. Still, she remained heavily involved in the journey, and was one of the voices encouraging him to run and keep his spirits up when the campaign took hits. The White House, Owens, and Owens' book publisher, Celadon Books, did not respond to requests for comment. Valerie, who is married to Jack Owens, a lawyer and businessman, and has three . The book includes a childhood photo of her, Joe Biden, their two brothers, and their mother on the book cover. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. The upcoming book tour and expected media blitz of Owens' memoir about growing up as a Biden comes a little over a year after the transition team's lawyers told Vice President-elect Harris's niece she could no longer produce clothing or write any new books with Harris's name or likeness, the Los Angeles Times reported in early 2021. Two months ago, General Motors hired her to a senior position in the company's regulatory affairs department. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin). Owens then worked at Coca-Cola in its government relations department for a decade, including while the company was reportedly lobbying against a bill cracking down on the use of Uyghur forced labor in China. The UK's supply crisis puts extra pressure on Prime Minister Boris. Published Feb. 25, 2020 Updated Feb. 28, 2020. So we had to treat people with dignity. Joe Biden has been the subject of countless news stories, and the focus on POTUS 46 has only intensified since his inauguration. We have learned that Joes brother, James, and his younger sister Valerie have also been cashing in. Based on our research, claims that Joe Biden's brother-in-law owns Dominion Voting Systems are FALSE. Biden's first wife and oldest daughter died in a car accident in Hockessin on Dec. 18, 1972. Eric asked for one of these the day after the election in 2008. She's been right by her big brother's side for decades (you may have even spotted her on the campaign trail without realizing it!) Valerie Biden Owens wanted to remove everything Trump "touched" from the Oval Office after he left. In a 2020 New York Times interview, she said, That was nothing heroic. Here's what you need to know about Valerie, a pivotal part of the future president's life. Thank you for supporting our journalism. SWANSEA, S.C. Valerie Biden Owens traveled past swamps, harvested fields and parked tractors to a small church, where she stepped off a bus to . By Matt Viser. "On the way out the building, my brother looked at me and said, 'She's dead, isn't she?' ", As The Washington Post noted, even with the arrival of two younger brothers, Jim and Frank, the "personal partnership" between Owens and Biden couldn't be broken, and it's intact to this day. On behalf of the Biden family, Valerie Biden Owens has requested that, in . Valerie and Jack had actually met on a blind date before her first marriage, facilitated by Biden and his then-girlfriend, Neilia. The New York Times reported that Valerie Biden married John Owens in 1975 and they have three . ", Following the tragic loss of his wife and daughter in 1972, U.S. Senator-Elect Joe Biden considered dropping out of the Senate, but Valerie Biden Owens wouldn't allow it. By then, they had already had a daughter and now have three kids: Valerie James Owens, Cuffe Biden Owens, and Catherine Eugenia Owens. "I would like to attend this one. Our fact check work is supported in part by a grant from Facebook. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. Former prosecutor on Hunter Biden case: Theres a lot to look at, Presidential candidate Nikki Haley heckled by Trump supporters at CPAC: 'We love Trump! Owens has worked with the service organization Ministry of Caring for over 35 years and sits on their Board of Directors. Now, Owens finds herself at the door of the White House, with her older brother as always. Speaking to Frontline in 2020, Owens recalled some of her tactics from that first low-budget campaign, including enlisting neighborhood kids to hand-deliver 360,000 informational newspapers throughout the state, because they didn't have money for stamps. [16], She has traveled around the world as a motivational speaker, and teacher of leadership and communication seminars. [8], After college, Owens was a teacher at Wilmington Friends School before focusing on politics. As deputy campaign manager Kate Bedingfield told BuzzFeed News in 2020, Owens "is kind of the connective tissue throughout the course of the campaigns from '72 to today. She then served a year as the chief of staff to the deputy Commerce secretary for a year. "I wanted to do it, but I think Mom needs it more than Iwhat do you think? Former DOJ prosecutor Jim Trusty discusses if the Hunter Biden probe will play out on Jesse Watters Primetime.. Biden was "a man with a broken heart," but that changed when Jill Jacobs came along. [13], In 2014, Owens was a Resident Fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics. Mrs. Biden Owens has led every campaign in her brother Joe Biden's political career, including his seven straight U.S. Senate victories and his run for two Democratic Presidential . Owens' husband is actually John T. Owens, "an attorney and businessman," as stated on her website. 1. See FameChain's massive Trump family tree. I got to practice on Beau and Hunter before I screwed up my own kids," she joked. Owens was with Biden the day he got the phone call that would change his life foreverin fact, she was the one who answered the phone, per Biography. In 2014, Owens requested help from Hunter in an email saying he needed a Chinese business license "secured very quickly" so he could expand his telemedicine company into China. 28 Jan 2020 0. Joe Biden has one sister, Valerie Biden Owens. She was previously married to Edmonds, 51, from 2014 until their separation in 2019 after he was allegedly unfaithful . King is a former reality TV star who appeared on "The Real Housewives of Orange County." COTR LLC All Rights Are Reserved. Our editors handpick the products that we feature. [14] In 2017, Owens was a featured speaker at a Ted Talk conference in Wilmington, Delaware. "In a strange way Neilia's death brought Jack and Val together," Biden wrote in his book. . Owens, the family's second child and only female, has been an instrumental part of Biden's political career. Biden's wife and infant daughter, Naomi, were killed in the accident; their sons, Hunter and Beau, were in the hospital with injuries. "[Biden's] nephew, Cuffe Owens, is marrying Meghan O'Toole King," the White House said. (Finished 1967), Ursuline Academy, Wilmington, Delaware, United States A spokesperson for Dominion Voting Systems confirmed to Lead Stories thatthere are no familial connections between Stephen Owens and Valerie Biden Owens. In 1972, shortly after Biden won his first Senate race, Biden's wife, Neilia, was driving their three children to get a Christmas tree. One of Valerie Biden Owens' first major wins as Joe Biden's campaign manager was helping her 29-year-old brother win a seat in the US Senate in 1972. / CBS News. Owens also benefited during the Obama-Biden administration by getting invitations from then-Vice President Biden's executive assistant Kathy Chung to attend events at the White House. Valerie's husband, John Owens or "Jack," who has been friends with Biden since their law school days at Syracuse, has also benefited from Biden and Hunter. When Joe's wife died, Valerie moved into 'the Station' After the accident, she and her first husband moved in with Joe to care for his boys, and - after that marriage fell apart - Valerie's second husband, Jack Owens, did the same. Valerie Biden Owens is married to John Owens, the owner of a telemedicine company in Delaware, according to The Washington Post. In 2016, president Barack Obama nominated her Alternate Representative of the United States to the 71st Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations. [4][5], She was born the daughter of Catherine Eugenia "Jean" (ne Finnegan; 19172010) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr. And while I was in Washington or on the road, Val was there every day." Val is kind of the connective tissue throughout the course of the campaigns from '72 to today," deputy campaign manager Kate Bedingfield told BuzzFeed News in 2020, referring to her as Biden's "emotional guardrails.". For example, a little over a year after Owens sent the email to Hunter about the business license, Owens received an invitation to attend the State Department luncheon honoring Chinese President Xi Jinping, which was hosted by Biden. In addition to working on her brother's campaigns, Owens is the vice-chair of the Biden Foundation and the Biden Institute at the University of Delaware, is a partner at Owens Patrick Leadership Seminars, was appointed to the MGM Public Policy Institute Advisory Board at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and more. The upcoming book tour and expected media blitz of Owens memoir about growing up as a Biden comes a little over a year after the transition teams lawyers told Vice President-elect Harriss niece she could no longer produce clothing or write any new books with Harriss name or likeness, the Los Angeles Times reported in early 2021. Nine out of 10 times, we have the same intuitive reaction to things." Jimmy told me," she admitted. This appears to violate the White Houses ethics policy and it could create another headache for the scandal-plagued administration. ", Joe Biden's brother-in-law, Jack Owens, emailed Hunter Biden in 2014 to help him obtain a Chinese business license, so he could expand his telemedicine company into China. Owens was King's third husband. Missy would go on to score multiple high-level positions during the Obama-Biden administration. ", "Meghan King Says She 'Learned Some Big Lessons' as Marriage to Cuffe Owens Is Officially Annulled", "Meghan King and Cuffe Owens' marriage to be annulled", White House Archives for President Barack Obama, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerie_Biden_Owens&oldid=1134792178, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 17:53. John T. Owens, the husband of Biden's sister, Valerie, and a former college classmate of the president-elect, owns a Delaware-based telemedicine company that markets itself as a solution amid . One post here reads: Hmmm. [23], Owens is married to attorney John T. Owens, with whom she has three children: son Cuffe Owens, also an attorney, and two daughters, Missy Owens and Casey Owens Castello. Users haveclaimed thatDemocraticHouse Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Sen.Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., had ties to the company, whose voting machines operate in 28 states. This all translates into a need for a Business License, and one secured very quickly," Owens wrote. After graduating from the University of Delaware, Valerie married a man named Bruce Saunders. 2 men found drugged after leaving NYC gay bars were killed, medical examiner says, LeVar Burton on new doc "The Right To Read", Ed Sheeran reveals wife was diagnosed with tumor while pregnant, Justin Bieber concerts canceled on ticket sales sites, Actor Willem Dafoe on new thriller, "Inside", Tom Sizemore's family told there's "no further hope" after aneurysm. See the Elon Musk family tree here at FameChain. And off we went. Valerie and Jack had actually met on a blind date before her first marriage, facilitated by Biden and his then-girlfriend, Neilia. Neilia and the kids were driving home from buying a Christmas tree when their car "was hit broadside by a tractor-trailer." Fact check: Hugo Chvez's family does not own Dominion Voting Systems. Most recently, Valerie is cashing in by releasing a new memoir, despite the White Houses policy that Bidens name should not be used in connection with any commercial activities to suggest or in any way imply his endorsement or support.. Shes a very, very clear communicator. You dont have to spend a lot of time guessing.. The fact that Owens was introduced to her husband by her brother comes as no surprise since Biden has always been involved in his sister's love life. [8], From 1997 until 2016, she served as executive vice-president of Joe Slade White & Company, a media consultant firm. The claim appeared in a Facebook post (archived here) on December 19, 2020. O'Toole King was a cast member of "The Real Housewives of Orange County." Her new husband is an attorney, according to a 6ABC report . That figure becomes all the more impressive when you consider the fact that Joe Biden estimated net worth is $9 million not that much more. Valerie, one of the first female campaign managers in United States history, writes of the role of family, faith, and fate in shaping her life, and the power of empathy and kindness in the face of turmoil and division. Owens is marrying Meghan King, who was a cast member of "Real Housewives of Orange County." . But she can also look him in the eye and say, Dont do this. She can tell him the stuff that nobody wants to hear. "I promise you, Valerie, if I could pick any guy in the world for you, it would be Jack Owens," Neilia said. Owens daughter, Valerie J. Owens, who goes by "Missy," also cashed in by working for her uncles presidential campaign, where she made tens of thousands of dollars. You get back up on your own power. Another email shows that Owens also took advantage of connections within the Obama-Biden administration to help expand his business and personal wealth. In his memoir Promises to Keep, Biden elaborates on the instrumental role Owens played in holding the family together. [9][10], She has worked extensively with Women's Campaign International to help teach women how to develop and grow their political skills. Valerie Biden Owens Physical Status. Caitlin O'Kane is a digital content producer covering trending stories for CBS News and its good news brand, The Uplift. Last week produced the . Missy asked, prompting Hunter to confirm that it was. This is the first time I havent managed the campaign, and I want to tell you, its damn frustrating! Valerie said at a campaign stop in 2020, per BuzzFeed News. From online or printed sources and from publicly accessible databases. Hair Color: Brown. Time pressures are very tight, plus the fact that we do not yet have one has caused a slight credibility bump in the companys mind, Valeries husband told Hunter. Valerie Biden Owens is the first woman in U.S. history to have run a presidential campaign that of her brother, Joseph R. Biden, Jr. She also led his seven straight U.S. Senate victories and has been his principal surrogate on the campaign trail. John T. Owens was a friend of Joe Biden's during their law school years at Syracuse University. The one-sentence post said: Published on October 11, 2021 05:36 PM . She was an absolutely incredible person," he gushed. In December 2020, Reuters published a "fact check," clarifying that "Joe Biden's sister is not married to Dominion Voting Systems' owner after multiple social media posts alleged that Owens' husband was Stephen Owens. . Joe Biden was three years old when he got a little sister and his life changed forever. Hannah Bleau. "It's the White House's policy that the President's name should not be used in connection with any commercial activities to suggest or in any way in any way they could reasonably be understood to imply his endorsement or support," Psaki said. From L to R, US Vice President Joe Biden, his wife Jill Biden, his sister Valerie Biden Owens and her husband Jack Owens attend the funeral of the. As The New York Times reports, he had something to say about all of her potential boyfriends while at the University of Delaware. (Finished 1963), View Valerie Biden Owens's Family Tree and History, Ancestry and Genealogy, Valerie Biden Owens's father was Joseph Biden Sr. Valerie Biden Owens's mother was Jean Biden, Valerie Biden Owens's daughter is Missy Owens Valerie Biden Owens's son is Cuffe Owens Valerie Biden Owens's daughter is Casey Owens Valerie Biden Owens's step-son is Jade Owens, Valerie Biden Owens's husband is Jack Owens, Valerie Biden Owens's former husband is Bruce Saunders, Valerie Biden Owens's brother is Joe Biden Valerie Biden Owens's brother is James Biden Valerie Biden Owens's brother is Frank Biden, Valerie Biden Owens's nephew was Beau Biden Valerie Biden Owens's nephew is Hunter Biden Valerie Biden Owens's niece was Amy Biden ', Ted Cruz says 2024 Senate re-election will be 'firefight as Democrats come at him with everything they have, Maryland mayor facing child pornography charges was frequent donor to Democratic Sen. Tammy Baldwin, How Section 230 set the standard for free speech online. Numerous viral posts bear the message:"Bidenssister is married to Stephen Owens, who owns Dominion voting systems.". Joe Biden's sister, Valerie Biden Owens, is married to Jack T. Owens. Do you have my info to respond with picture, etc, or do you want me to do that.". Transition team lawyers for the Biden-Harris team reportedly told Vice President Harris's niece she could no longer write new books with Harris's name or likeness. Because you cant fire your sister.. Valerie Biden Owens, a longtime campaign adviser and political confidante to Biden, will be releasing her memoir titled, "Growing Up Biden: A Memoir" next Tuesday. with Joe reportedly introducing Valerie to his best friend Jack Owens, . Biden has said that family is integral to him, and his younger sister is one of the people who has been by his side the longest. "Well, first of all, when anybody says Joe's 'gaffe,' a gaffe is he speaks the truth," Valerie said. Daniel's 5th outing as Bond gets bums back on seats in the cinema. About Valerie. 2021 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. A post shared by Meghan King (@meghanking). She is married to John (Jack) Owens, as noted here , here , here , and www.valeriebidenowens.com/bio/ . This all translates into a need for a Business License, and one secured very quickly, Owens wrote. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. And I said, 'I don't know, Joey.' [34], 30. Valerie's husband, John Owens or "Jack," who has been friends with Biden since their law school days at Syracuse, has also benefited from Biden and Hunter. Please enter valid email address to continue. "I wasn't building a resume for a political future. Valerie has run Biden's political campaigns throughout his careerincluding his campaign for high school class president, and his bid for Senate at age 29. "While this might seem to be a mundane task, I have come to understand that matters such as a Business License can end up taking an inordinate amount of time time we just do not have. After all, for the Bidens, it's always been a family affair. This is the untold truth of Valerie Biden Owens. Valerie and her husband were looking to expand his telemedicine company into China, but he needed a Chinese business license secured very quickly.. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. It is unclear if AnyHealth Shanghai is the same company referenced in the emails. There's been an accident.'" They finalized their divorce in May. President-elect Joe Biden began his victory speech by thanking the Delawareans who have supported him throughout his careerincluding his sister, Valerie Biden Owens. Following the accident, Owens quit her job as a teacher and moved in with Biden and his sons. ", Owens also spoke of that notion, which she called "the doctrine of resilience," with PBS' Frontline, revealing how her mother taught all four of her kids "that failure would happen in everyone's life, but giving up was unforgivable." It was called family.". [32]Ursuline Academy inducted her to their Distinguished Alumnae Hall of Fame in 2018. And while Democratic strategist Hilary Rosen did add that "Valerie is the President's oldest and closest political advisor [and] that will never change," she conceded that Owens "is the first to know that his role is different now and so is hers.". By. However, MediGuides website says it has come to "an agreement with AnyHealth Shanghai.". When she isn't overseeing her brother's political ascent, Owens keeps busy. Valerie Biden Owens, author of the new memoir Growing Up Biden, might have given away the recipe during a recent chat at Mitchell Hall with "Morning Joe" co-host Mika Brzezinski. Her strength, which was immeasurable, will live on in all of us." . Former "Real Housewives of Orange County" cast member Meghan King revealed on Instagram Monday that she and President Biden's nephew, Cuffe Owens, are ending their marriage after two months. Valerie helped look after her nephews so that Joe could begin his first term as senator in 1973. "She respects and admires him, and she helps him be his best self. While Biden once proclaimed that his sister "has not only believed in me, she has helped me believe in myself," Owens gushed, "Joe and I tend to think along the same lines. The bride, Meghan O'Toole King, is a former "Real Housewife of Orange County" star, who is originally from St. Louis, Missouri. She has been my best friend my entire life," Biden wrote of Owens, 74, in his memoir Promises to Keep. Over the years, Owens has applied her political acumen to nurture other careers. She managed his seven straight senatorial campaigns in Delaware (all victorious), and two of his presidential campaigns in 1988 and 2008, per Frontline. Valerie Owens is Joe Biden's sister. "Valerie had been a top student at the University of Delaware. Vogue even went as far as to call her "the Joe Biden whisperer. Copyright 2021. Near the end of the Obama-Biden administration, Missy reached out to her first cousin and then-Vice President Bidens son, Hunter Biden, about helping her mother get a position in the administration, saying it would be good for her and that she needs it more than I do right now, according to emails reviewed by Fox News Digital. [22] Bruce and Valerie moved in with Joe Biden and his two sons, Hunter and Beau, following the death of her sister-in-law Neilia in a car crash in December 1972. Valeries other daughter, Casey, also got a job in the Obama-Biden administration, serving as a special assistant to the senior coordinator for China at the Treasury Department for over two years. After raising her three children with her husband, Jack, she also worked as a political media consultant and trained women in developing countries through the Women's Campaign . "Joe . Valerie Biden Owens may not be in the spotlight as much as her brother, but that hasn't made her immune from becoming the subject of fake news stories. Valerie is Chair of the Biden Institute at the University of Delaware and a partner at Owens Patrick Leadership Seminars. From L to R, US Vice President Joe Biden, his wife Jill Biden, his sister Valerie Biden Owens and her husband Jack Owens attend the funeral of the vice president's Jean Finnegan Biden at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Wilmington, Delaware, on January 12, 2010. As she once quipped, the experience "was a gift" because she "got to practice on Beau and Hunter before I screwed up my own kids." Her LinkedIn says she managed a range of workstreams essential to the execution of the US-China Strategic & Economic Dialogue one of the largest bilateral foreign economic policy initiatives of the Obama Administration. She would later work up the corporate ladder at Starbucks, where she is now a vice president. She helped to found the Owens-Patrick seminar group. OKATIE, South Carolina Wherever Valerie Biden Owens goes, as she tries one last time to make Joe Biden president, a local Democrat reads dutifully from her bio. "As our mom said, family is the beginning, the middle and the end," Biden Owens said. Her LinkedIn says she "managed a range of workstreams essential to the execution of the US-China Strategic & Economic Dialogue one of the largest bilateral foreign economic policy initiatives of the Obama Administration." Owens is the son of presidential sister Valerie Biden and her husband Jack Owens. Cuffe Owens, 42, is a lawyer. King, 37, revealed she was dating Cuffe Owens, 42, in an Instagram post last month, KTVI .

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