manvar surname caste in gujarat

The hypergamous tendency was never as sharp, pervasive and regular among the Vania divisions as among the Rajputs, Leva Kanbis, Anavils and Khedawals. Leva Sheri and Kadva Sheri, named after the two major second-order divisions among the Kanbis. While the Rajputs, Leva Patidars, Anavils and Khedawals have been notorious for high dowries, and the Kolis have been looked down upon for their practice of bride price, the Vanias have been paying neither. The tad thus represented the fourth and last order of caste divisions. The existence of ekdas or gols, however, does not mean that the divisiveness of caste ended there or that the ekdas and gols were always the definitive units of endogamy. 100 Most Popular Indian Last Names Or SurnamesWhy Don't Tamil People Have Last Names?-----A . In 1920 there were 2 Mehta families living in New Jersey. The significant point, however, is that there were small endogamous units which were not, like ekdas and tads, part of any higher-order division. There were similar problems about the status of a number of other divisions. They were thus not of the same status as most other second-order divisions among Brahmans. As soon as there is any change in . A block printed and resist-dyed fabric, whose origin is from Gujarat was found in the tombs of Fostat, Egypt. As weaving is an art and forms one of the most important artisan community of India. More common was an ekda or tad having its population residing either in a few neighbouring villages, or in a few neighbouring towns, or in both. The highland Bhils seem to have provided brides to lower Rajputs on the other side of the highlands also, i.e., to those in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (see, for example, Doshi, 1971: 7f., 13-15; Aurora 1972: 16, 32f.). Unfortunately, although the Kolis are an important element in Gujarats population, their earlier ethnography is confusing, and there is hardly any modern, systematic, anthropological, sociological or historical study, so that the confusion continues to persist. In a paper on Caste among Gujaratis in East Africa, Pocock (1957b) raised pointedly the issue of the relative importance of the principles of division (he called it difference) and hierarchy. Moreover, a single division belonging to any one of the orders may have more than one association, and an association may be uni-purpose or multi-purpose. Castes which did not sit together at public feasts, let alone at meals in homes, only 15 or 20 years ago, now freely sit together even at meals in homes. The Hindu and Muslim kingdoms in Gujarat during the medieval period had, of course, their capital towns, at first Patan and then Ahmedabad. The Chumvalias and Patanwadias migrated possibly from the same tract and continued to belong to the same horizontal unit after migration. Systematic because castes exist and are like each other in being different (298). For example, just as there was a Shrimali division among Sonis (goldsmiths). For example, among Vanias in a large town like Ahmedabad many of the thirty or forty second-order divisions (such as Khadayata, Modh, Porwad, Shrimali, and so on) were represented. Weavers became beggars, manufacturing collapsed and the last 2000 years of Indian textile industry was knocked down. As a consequence, the continuities of social institutions and the potentiality of endogenous elements for bringing about change are overlooked (for a discussion of some other difficulties with these paradigms, see Lynch 1977). There was also another kind of feast, called bhandaro, where Brahmans belonging to a lesser number of divisions (say, all the few in a small town) were invited. And even when a Brahman name corresponded with a Vania name, the former did not necessarily work as priests of the latter.The total number of second-divisions in a first-order division differed from one first-order division to another. Similarly, in Saurashtra, the Talapadas were distinguished from the Chumvalias, immigrants from the Chumval tract in north Gujarat. Some of the other such divisions were Kathi, Dubla, Rabari, Bharwad, Mer (see Trivedi 1961), Vaghri, Machhi, Senwa, Vanzara, and Kharwa. Advances in manufacturing technologies flooded markets in India and abroad with cheap, mass-produced fabrics that Indian handlooms could no longer compete with. In most parts of Gujarat it merged into the various second-order divisions of the Koli division and possible also into the widespread tribe of Bhils. Asking different questions and using different methods are necessary. A great deal of discussion of the role of the king in the caste system, based mainly on Indological literature, does not take these facts into account and therefore tends to be unrealistic. For example, among almost every Vania division there was a dual division into Visa and Dasa: Visa Nagar and Dasa Nagar, Visa Lad and Dasa Lad, Visa Modh and Dasa Modh, Visa Khadayata and Dasa Khadayata, and so on. New Jersey had the highest population of Mehta families in 1920. The most Mehta families were found in USA in 1920. These divisions have, however, been kept out of the present analysis for reasons which have become well known to students of Hindu society since the 1950s. All the small towns sections in each of the ekdas resented that, while the large town section accepted brides from small towns, they did not reciprocate. By the beginning of British rule in the early 19th century, a considerable number of these chieftains had succeeded in establishing petty chiefdoms, each composed of one, and occasionally more than one, village, in all parts of Gujarat. %PDF-1.7 91. The Anavil, numbering 30,000 to 40,000 in 1931, were found mainly in south Gujarat. The following 157 pages are in this category, out of 157 total. The main thrust of Pococks paper is that greater emphasis on difference rather than on hierarchy is a feature of caste among overseas Indians and in modern urban India. This was dramatized at huge feasts called chorasi (literally, eighty-four) when Brahmans belonging to all the traditional 84 second-order divisions sat together to eat food cooked at the same kitchen. Similarly, the Khedawal Brahmans were divided into Baj and Bhitra, the Nagar Brahmans into Grihastha and Bhikshuk, the Anavils into Desai and Bhathela, and the Kanbis into Kanbi and Patidar. The Khadayatas were divided into about 30 ekdas. In India Limbachiya is most frequent in: Maharashtra, where 70 percent reside, Gujarat . I should hasten to add, however, that the open-minded scholar that he is, he does not rule out completely the possibility of separation existing as independent principle. This list may not reflect recent changes. The number of tads in an ekda or go I might be two or more, and each of them might be an endogamous units. so roamed around clueless. They are described by the ruling elite as robbers, dacoits, marauders, predators and the like. The essential idea in the category was power, and anybody who wielded powereither as king or as dominant group in a rural (even tribal) areacould claim to be Rajput. A few examples are: Brahman (priest), Vania (trader), Rajput (warrior and ruler), Kanbi (peasant), Koli (peasant), Kathi (peasant), Soni goldsmith), Suthar (carpenter), Valand (barber), Chamar (leatherworker), Dhed (weaver) and Bhangi (scavenger). Together they provide a slice of Gujarati society from the sea- coast to the bordering highlands. For example, all Vania divisions were divided into a number of ekdas or gols. One important first-order division, namely, Rajput, does not seem to have had any second-order division at all. As for the size of other castes, I shall make mainly relative statements. The same problems would arise in the reverse direction if, as many scholars have done, the term caste cluster, caste complex or caste category is used for divisions of a higher order and the term caste or jati is used for divisions of a lower order. Many primarily rural castes, such as Kolisthe largest castehave remained predominantly rural even today. <> Report a Violation, Caste Stratification: Changing Rural Caste Stratification, Caste in Rural India: Specificities of Caste in Rural Society. In addition, they carried on overland trade with many towns in central and north India. The Kayatias main occupation was to perform a ritual on the eleventh day after death, during which they took away offerings made to ghosts: this was the main cause of their extremely low status among Brahmans. The population of certain first-order divisions lived mainly in villages. Frequently, marriages were arranged in contravention of a particular rule after obtaining the permission of the council of leaders and paying a penalty in advance. The earliest caste associations were formed in Bombay in the middle of the 19th century among migrants belonging to the primarily urban and upper castes from Gujarat, such as Vanias, Bhatias and Lohanas (see Dobbin 1972: 74-76, 121-30, 227f, 259-61). These and many other artisans, craftsmen and servants reflected the special life-style of the town. Similarly, the Vanias were divided into such divisions as Disawal, Kapol, Khadayata, Lad, Modh, Nagar, Nima, Porwad, Shirmali, Vayada, and Zarola. He stresses repeatedly the primacy of the principle of hierarchy-epitomized in the title of his book. The arrival of the East India Company, however sounded the death knell for the Indian textile industry. This tendency reaches its culmination in the world of Dumont. In recent years, however, there has been a tendency to emphasize hierarchy as the primary principle encompassing the principle of division. So instead of a great exporter of finished products, India became an importer of British, while its share of world export fell from 27% to two percent. One of the reasons behind underplaying of the principle of division by Dumont as well as by others seems to be the neglect of the study of caste in urban areas (see Dumonts remarks in 1972: 150). They were involved in agriculture in one way or another. Kuntasi, Lothal and Somnath of Gujarat regions in Harrapan civilization were familiar with weaving and the spinning of cotton for as long as four thousand years ago. The castes pervaded by hierarchy and hypergamy had large populations spread evenly from village to village and frequently also from village to town over a large area. to which the divisions of the marrying couple belong. So in this way, the Maharashtra caste list is given to all cast Aarakshan belonging to the Scheduled Castes category for the state of MH. Third, although two or more new endogamous units came into existence and marriage between them was forbidden thereafter, a number of pre-existing kinship and affinal relationships continued to be operative between them. He stated: hereditary specialization together with hierarchical organization sinks into the background in East Africa (293). The decline was further accelerated by the industrial revolution. When the rural population began to be drawn towards the new opportunities, the first to take advantage of them were the rural sections of the rural-cum-urban castes. All Brahman divisions did not, however, have a corresponding Vania division. Almost every village in this area included at least some Leva population, and in many villages they formed a large, if not the largest, proportion of the population. * List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat; A. . The error is further compounded whenalthough this is less commonthe partial, rural model of traditional caste is compared with the present urban situation, and conclusions are drawn about overall change. There were Brahman and Vania divisions of the same name, the myths about both of them were covered by a single text. Radhvanaj Rajputs were clearly distinguished from, and ranked much above local Kolis. I am dealing here only with certain typical situations. Since after expansion of British textile markets and decline of Indian textile industry Vankars suffered a lot. In any case, castes are not likely to cease to be castes in the consciousness of people in the foreseeable future. We shall return later to a consideration of this problem. In all there were thirty to forty such divisions. But there was also another process. manvar surname caste in gujaratbest imperial trooper team swgoh piett. The method is to remove first the barriers of the divisions of the lowest order and then gradually those of one higher order after another. 4 0 obj Literally, ekda meant unit, and gol circle, and both signified an endogamous unit. Because of these two major factors, one economic and the other political, Gujarat at the beginning of the 19th century had a large urban population, distributed over a large number of small towns. The village was a small community divided into a relatively small number of castes; the population of each caste was also small, sometimes only one or two households, with little possibility of existence of subdivisions; and there were intensive relationships of various kinds between the castes. To give just one example, one large street in Baroda, of immigrant Kanbis from the Ahmedabad area, named Ahmedabadi Pol, was divided into two small parallel streets. I have, therefore, considered them a first-order division and not a second-order one among Brahmans (for a fuller discussion of the status of Anavils, see Joshi, 1966; Van der Veen 1972; Shah, 1979). hu)_EYUT?:fX:vOR,4g4ce{\(wcUO %OW-Knj|qV]_)1?@{^ $:0ZY\fpg7J~Q~pHaMVSP5bLC}6+zwgv;f f^v4[|vug+vO0h t7QNP}EYm+X[x~;O|z5tq ]-39aa{g-u5n:a56&`3y.f-a@a"0v-a@$%`Z]]Iqb56aR0g 30V9EM%K"#|6uN? =O|8alCcs):~AC<5 q|om57/|Sgc}2c#)U~WL}%T]s> z. % Broach, Cambay and Surat were the largest, but there were also a number of smaller ones. Although the number of inter-ekda marriages has been increasing, even now the majority of marriages take place within an ekda. I hope to show that the integration of the study of caste in urban areas with that of rural areas is essential to a comprehensive understanding of caste and its implications for Indian society and culture. Inclusion of a lower-order division in a higher-order one and distinction between various divisions in a certain order was not as unambiguous. Many of these names were also based on place names. State Id State Name Castecode Caste Subcaste 4 GUJARAT 4001 AHIR SORATHA 4 GUJARAT 4002 AHIR 4 GUJARAT 4003 ANSARI 4 GUJARAT 4004 ANVIL BRAHMIN 4 GUJARAT 4005 ATIT BAYAJI BAKSHI PANCH 4 GUJARAT 4006 BAJANIYA 4 GUJARAT 4007 BAJIR . Copyright 10. Toori. While some of the divisions of a lower order might be the result of fission, some others might be a result of fusion. For example, in a Rajput kingdom the families of the Rajput king and his nobles resided in the capital town, while the Rajput landlords and cultivators resided in villages. Although my knowledge is fragmentary, I thought it was worthwhile to put together the bits and pieces for the region as a whole. I hope to show in this paper how the principle of division is also a primary principle competing with the principle of hierarchy and having important implications for Indian society and culture. Early industrial labour was also drawn mainly from the urban artisan and servant castes. First, since the tads were formed relatively recently, it is easier to get information about their formation than about the formation of ekdas. During Mughal Empire India was manufacturing 27% of world's textile and Gujarati weavers dominated along with Bengali weavers in Indian textile trade industry overseas. We have analyzed the internal structure of two first-order divisions, Rajput and Anavil, which did not have any second-order divisions, and of several second-order divisionsTalapada and Pardeshi Koli, Khedawal Brahman, and Leva Kanbiwhich did not have any third-order divisions. stream Usually it consisted of wealthy and powerful lineages, distinguishing themselves by some appellation, such as Patidar among the Leva Kanbi, Desai among the Anavil, and Baj among the Khedawal. The main occupation of Vankars was the weaving of cloth. Gujarat (along with Bombay) has perhaps the largest number of caste associations and they are also more active and wealthy compared to those in other regions. There were about three hundred divisions of this order in the region as a whole. To have a meaningful understanding of the system of caste divisions, there is no alternative but to understand the significance of each order of division and particularly the nature of their boundaries and maintenance mechanisms. While certain first-order divisions were found mainly in towns, the population of certain other first-order divisions was dispersed in villages as well as in towns, the population of the rural and the urban sections differing from one division to another. The ekdas have not yet lost their identities. The primarily urban castes and the urban sections of the rural-cum- urban castes were the first to take advantage of the new opportunities that developed in industry, commerce, administration, the professions and education in urban centres.

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